Thursday, December 26, 2019
The Japanese Christmas Song Awatenbou no Santakuroosu
Christmas has become a popular celebration in Japan, even though less than one percent of the Japanese are Christian. However, Christmas is not a family time in Japan. In fact, it is not even a national holiday. December 23rd, though, is a holiday because it is the birthday of the present emperor. Most Japanese work on Christmas day, just like any other day. On the other hand, New Years Day is an important holiday where families get together and have a special feast. So, how do the Japanese celebrate Christmas? It is a time for lovers to have a romantic dinner and give presents, much like St Valentines Day. The media now really push Christmas Eve as being a time for romance. Thats why Christmas Eve is more important in Japan than Christmas day itself. Fancy restaurants and hotels are often booked solid at this time. In December, Christmas classics are played everywhere. Most popular Japanese Christmas songs are for lovers. Here is a Japanese Christmas song for children called, Awatenbou no Santakuroosu (Hasty Santa Claus). You can check out the animated version of Awatenbou no Santakuroosu on Youtube. The Lyrics of Awatenbou no Santakuroosu 㠂゠㠦ん㠼㠆㠮ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£ ¾Ã£ ˆã « や㠣㠦ã ã Ÿã „ã ã „ã § ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£ „ã ã „ã § ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã© ³ ´Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€"㠦ã Šã ã‚Å'よ é ˜ã‚’ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ 㠂゠㠦ん㠼㠆㠮ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ ˆã‚“㠨㠤㠮ã žã „ã ¦ è ½Ã£ £Ã£ “㠡ã Ÿã ‚ã „ã Ÿã Ÿ ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£ ‚ã „ã Ÿã Ÿ ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£ ¾Ã£ £Ã£ ã‚ ã ã‚ ã ‘ã ® ã Šé ¡â€Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ 㠂゠㠦ん㠼㠆㠮ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ â€"ã ‹ã Ÿã Å'㠪ã „㠋ら è ¸Å ã £Ã£ Ÿã‚ˆæ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"ã ãÆ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"ã ãÆ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£ ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£ ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ¨ ¸Å ã‚ よ Ã¥Æ'•ã ¨Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £ ãÆ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £ 㠂゠㠦ん㠼㠆㠮ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ „㠡㠩æ ¥Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â€šË†Ã£ ¨ Ã¥ ¸ °Ã£ £Ã£ ¦Ã£ 㠕よ㠪ら ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£ •ã‚ˆã ªÃ£â€šâ€° ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'â€"ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã© ³ ´Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€"㠦æ ¶Ë†Ã£ ˆã Ÿã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ 㠂゠㠦ん㠼㠆㠮ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€šâ€ 㠋㠄㠪㠊㠲ã ’ã ® 㠊㠘㠄㠕んãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ ãÆ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ã ™ã‚Å'㠡ã‚Æ'ã ã‚ ã よ 㠊も㠡ã‚Æ'ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ ãÆ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ' ãÆ' £Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ Romaji Translation Awatenbou no SantakuroosuKurisumasu mae ni yattekitaIsoide rin rin rinIsoide rin rin rinNarashite okure yo kane oRin rin rin rin rin rinRin rin rin Awatenbou no SantakuroosuEntotsu nozoite okkochitaAitata don don donAitata don don donMakkuro kuro ke no okaoDon don don don don donDon don don Awatenbou no SantakuroosuShikataganaikara odotta yoTanoshiku cha cha chaTanoshiku cha cha chaMinna mo odoro yo boku toCha cha cha cha cha chaCha cha cha Awatenbou no SantakuroosuMo ichido kuru yo to kaettekuSayonara shara ran ranSayonara shara ran ranTanburin narashite kietaShara ran ran Shara ran ranShara ran ran Awatenbou no SantakuroosuYukaina ohige no ojiisanRin rin rin Cha cha chaDon don don Shara ran ranWasurecha dame da yo omochaShara ran rin cha cha chaDon shara ran The Use of ~bou Awatenbou means, a hasty person. ~bou is attached to some words and expresses ~ person, ~ person who does ~ in an affectionate or ridiculing manner. Here are some examples: Okorinbou 怒りんå Å --- a short-tempered or irritable personKechinbou 㠑㠡ã‚“å Å --- a stingy person; a miserAmaenbou çâ€ËœÃ£ ˆã‚“å Å --- a pampered or spoiled person.Kikanbou ã ã ‹ã‚“å Å --- a naughty or unruly personAbarenbou æš ´Ã£â€šÅ'ã‚“å Å --- a rough or disorderly person.Kuishinbou é £Å¸Ã£ „ã â€"ã‚“å Å --- a gourmandWasurenbou Ã¥ ¿ËœÃ£â€šÅ'ã‚“å Å --- a forgetful person The Prefix ma Makkuro means as black as ink. Ma is a prefix to emphasize the noun that comes after ma. The Japanese title for Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer is Makkana ohana no tonakai-san. Lets look at some words that include ma. Makka çÅ"Ÿã £Ã¨ µ ¤ --- bright redMakkuro çÅ"Ÿã £Ã© »â€™ --- black as inkMasshiro çÅ"Ÿã £Ã§â„¢ ½ --- pure whiteMassao çÅ"Ÿã £Ã© ’ --- deep blueManatsu çÅ"Ÿå ¤ --- the middle of summerMafuyu çÅ"Ÿå†¬ --- the middle of winterMakkura çÅ"Ÿã £Ã¦Å¡â€" --- pitch-darkMasski --- at the very firstMapputateu --- right in twoMassara --- brand new The Prefix o The prefix o is added to kao (face) and hige (beard; mustache) for politeness. Again, the title Makkana ohana no tonakai-san (Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer) includes the use of the prefix o as well. Hana means nose and ohana is the polite form of hana. Onomatopoeic Expressions There are many onomatopoeic expressions used in songs. They are words that describe sound or action directly. Rin rin describes a ringing sound, in this case the sound of a bell. Don expresses thud and boom. It is used to describe the sound that Santa Claus makes as he comes down a chimney.
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Argumentative Essay on Cursive Writing - 1075 Words
Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Taught more than thirty decades ago, cursive writing has a famed and legendary past. It was once a vital element of American education but is now becoming an archaic artefact as technology advancement and the requirement of more regulated tests push it out of the education system. Cursive writing should be scrapped out of the education system for there is no need of wasting time and resources to continue teaching a skill that won’t be beneficial to the students in the near future. For many students in America, cursive writing is as foreign as the hieroglyphics of the ancient Egypt. In most colleges and universities, more students are increasingly using tablet computers†¦show more content†¦As pointed out by Penny Joy a curriculum coordinator of Plymouth Canton Community Schools, she quotes that â€Å" normally she receives a lot more calls daily with parents asking her why her school continues to teach cursive than calls requiring that more time be devoted to teaching cursive writing†. She continues to say that â€Å"she sees no reason to continue teaching cursive in her school since they don’t have time for it†. They would rather allocate that time and resources to other industrious subjects and projects. â€Å"Handwriting is already suffering a major blowback†says Joanne Jacobson who is a curriculum director of Fraser Public Schools. Cursive may be legible for kids who are below third grade but by the time they reach fifth grade they all have developed their own style of handwriting. With or without learning cursive writing, a child’s handwriting develops for better over the years. One of the excusable reasons given for continued teaching of cursive is speed. Quite honestly, most students’ nowadays don’t use pen and paper for taking notes. Apart from a section of SAT exams, almost all the other papers like term papers, assignments and research papers are presented electronically for marking. Who still presents their assignments in form of handwritten notes? Who still has to worry about speed with all the dynamics of technology such as taking notes on tablets and laptops?
Monday, December 9, 2019
Future of Stakeholder Management Theory †MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Future of Stakeholder Management Theory. Answer: Introduction Effective stakeholder relationship management fosters positive relationship with the stakeholders through appropriately managing their agreed objectives and expectations (Schnackenberg and Tomlinson 2016). The corporate reputation of Volkswagen has damaged due to its car emission scandal in USA (BBC News 2015). The organization needs to regain and rebuild its relationship with the stakeholders for recapturing the market. The study will develop strategies for managing relationship with diverse stakeholder groups for addressing the scandal issue. The study will integrate the organizational objectives with stakeholder plan. Furthermore, the study will also outline the way for engaging and building mutually beneficial relationship with the stakeholders for scandal issue. Apart from that, the study will identify and respond to the problems and opportunities regarding the issues through environmental scanning and monitoring. A key message and massage matrix would also be framed for Volkswa gen in this study for overcoming the emission scandal issue. Lastly, the study will select appropriate channels for engaging in long term relationship with relevant stakeholders. Maintaining media relation is highly important for managing the public relation of an organization with the public as well as other stakeholders. According to Agudo?Valiente, Garcs?Ayerbe and Salvador?Figueras (2015), proper media relation spread positive image of an organization in the market. Therefore, Volkswagen should proactively and transparently communicate with the media rather than hiding their scandals. Moreover, the organization should hire a spokespersonfor answering detailed inquiries of the media. Furthermore, the organization should quickly apologize to the media for their unethical carbon emission of the cars. On the other hand, Verbeke and Tung (2013) opined that showing concern for the public is the best way of managing relationship with the public and maintain corporate image. Therefore, Volkswagen should demonstrate core concern for the public and customers and promise to come up with better car model. It will manage effective media relationship of the organizatio n after their scandal. Strategies to Manage Relationship with Employees Managing employee relation is the most important stakeholder relationship management activity for an organization, as they are the only responsible for building organizational success through using their talent. Bridoux and Stoelhorst (2014) pointed out that proper employee relationship management assists an organization towards getting high level of employee dedication for achieving organizational success. Volkswagen should immediate understand the understanding of the employees regarding the emission scandal. In this way, the management of the organization should compensate the employees for their harassment faced in the investigation. On the other hand, Steyn and Niemann (2014) opined that the employees should be provided with adequate value for managing positive relationship with them. Moreover, the Volkswagen should allow the employees in organization decision making process for further actions to be taken in mitigating the impact of emission scandal. It will be keep the employe es engaged in the organization having positive relationship with the management. Community relationship is extremely significant for an organization in building corporate image in the society. Tantalo and Priem (2016) pointed out that organizations need to understand the perspective and expectation of community members from them for properly managing relationship with community. Moreover, Volkswagen should maintain transparency with the community people in regards to their business activities after their scandal has occured. It can also be important for the organization to provide donations for community development. It will mitigate the issues of community, which will help in building effective community relationship. On the other hand, Olkkonen and Luoma-aho (2014) opined that strong social message and event sponsorship is extremely important for building strong relationship with community people. Likewise, Volkswagen should also spread strong social message for overcoming the scandal and organization charity event for meeting the core needs of the community. I t will manage community relationship of Volkswagen even after their emission scandal. Henisz, Dorobantu and Nartey (2014) stated that organizations should continuously perform customer survey for assessing the needs and issues of the customers. It helps the organizations towards immediately resolving the customer issues before it becomes customer dissatisfaction. In this way, Volkswagen should use customer relationship management software for maintain relationship with the customers. Such software will help the organization in understanding the perspective, hassles and embarrassment of the customers, which they faced in emission scandal of the cars. Therefore, such software would help Volkswagen in accordingly plan and compensate the customers for their harassment for marinating effective customer relationship. On the other hand, Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins (2014) allowing customers in organizational decision making process also enhance customers worth, which facilitates in building effective customer relationship. Volkswagen should use social media for interacting wit h the customers and asking for any suggestions towards improving business and resolving the emission scandal. It will help the organization is maintaining effective relationship with the customers. Strategies to Manage Relationship with Investors ORiordan and Fairbrass (2014) pointed out that organizations can effectively manage their relationship with their investors through communicating transparently with them. Volkswagen should first apologize to the investors for their emission scandal and huge business loss. Apart from that, the organization should also maintain transparency in the communication with the investors regarding their future business plan. On the other hand, Ayuso et al. (2014) pointed out that investor relationship can also be maintained through proper assurance of profit potentiality to the investors. Likewise, Volkswagen requires perfect financial projection showing profit potentiality to the investors, which would regain the investors confidence and maintain effective relationship with them. According to Borgers et al. (2013), organization can maintain effective relationship with Government through timely payment of taxes and adhering to all legal contracts. In case of Volkswagen, the organization should first apologize to the government for their emission scandal. Furthermore, the organization should submit all quarterly reports, stories, trial metrics and future plan on regular basis to the government for regaining the trust of Government and maintain effective relationship with them. The objective Volkswagen is to regain and rebuild its corporate image in the market after its emission scandal. Strategies for media and community management would help the organization in achieving this business objective (Zerfass and Schramm 2014). Moreover, proper explanation and promise for business improvement in to the media and community would spread strong social message of the organization. It would help in rebuilding and regaining the corporate image in the market. Apart from that, the objective of the organization is also to regain the customer trust for enhancing sales of cars and market capitalization. In such situation, proper employee relation will help in dedication level of the employees and manufacture cars with new models for regaining the trust level of the employees. The business objective of the organization is also to enhance the stock price of the organization immediately. Therefore, maintenance of investor relationship will facilitate Volkswagen in enhancing the stock price through regaining the trust of the investors. The organization is highly inclined towards enhancing its market capitalization through increased car sales (Doh and Quigley 2014). In such extent, the proper customer relationship management will regain the trust of the customers and encourage them towards purchasing their cars. It will ultimately enhance the sales volume and market capitalization of the organization. The business objective of Volkswagen includes mitigation of legal complications for regaining competition position in the market. In such situation, maintaining government relationship will help the organization in overcoming all the legal complications through meeting all the government contracts. Engagement and Mutually Beneficial Relationship with Stakeholders As per Pitsis et al. (2014), Volkswagen can best overcome the issues of their car emission scandal through engaging and building mutually beneficial relationship with the stakeholder groups. While considering the mutually beneficial relationship with the media groups, it can be said that the organization should engage an authoritative spokesperson for answering all the questions of the Medias. In this way, the media channels will get the scope of publishing new interesting news in their channels and the organization will get the scope of clarifying their perspective on their scandal for resolving the issues. On the other hand, the organization can allow the employees in organizational decision making process for getting ideas of resolving emission scandals. It will enhance the value of the employees in the organization and new and effective ideas for resolving emission scandals. Fair return on investment to the investors will be beneficial for the investors on their investment (Ortiz ?de?Mandojana and Bansal 2016). It will also help the organization in gaining huge investment from the investors towards enhancing financial sustainability. In case of community, the organization can provide donations for community development for making mutually benefit with the community people. Such donations will on the one hand, will develop the community, whereas, on the other hand, will rebuild corporate image of the organization in the society. The organization can compensate the harassment and hassles of the customers for their cars having high emission system. Moreover, the organization can offer attractive discounts and offers to the customers for their further car models. It can reduce the cost of car purchase of the customers and also help organizations in enhancing their car sales volume. Identification and Respond to Problems and Opportunities Volkswagen can effectively identify the issues and opportunities related to the scandals through PEST and SWOT environment scanning. In this way, the organization can also better resolve the issues through utilizing their opportunities towards mitigating issues. PEST Environment Scanning Problems and Opportunities Response to Problems and Opportunities POLITICAL FACTOR Lose of political support for emission scandals Many trade restrictions has also imposed on Volkswagen Strict environmental law of USA has mostly created such emission scandals of the organization Political stability of USA can be favorable for quickly resolving the issues Volkswagen should immediately apologize to the government for gaining the sympathy of Government The organization should meet all the imposed government contracts for gaining government trust With the opportunity of government stability, the organization can immediately resolve their scandal issues through meeting all the fines imposed on them ECONOMIC FACTOR Developed economic condition of USA can lead to quick return on investment for resolving the issues The scandal issues has led to huge economic loss of the customers The organization should immediately compensate the damages of the stakeholders for re-establishing corporate image in economically developed market SOCIAL FACTOR Growing inclination of people towards environment friendly cars can be issues for Volkswagen towards resolving issues Enhanced disposable income of the people can be opportunity for the organization The organization should immediately re-launch environment friendly cars, which have high potentiality of sales to the economically sound customers. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR Technological advancement of USA can be an opportunity for resolving emission scandals immediately With advancement technological advancement, the organization can immediately manufacturing environment friendly cars for resolving emission scandals Advanced digitalization can help Volkswagen in better interacting with stakeholders for resolving the issues Table 1: Identification and Response to Problems and Opportunities through PEST (Source: Hahn 2015) SWOT Environment Scanning Problems and Opportunities Response to Problems and Opportunities Strength Strong brand presence or loyalty Wide ranges of cars Presence in hybrid cars Excellent advertising and marketing Strong brand loyalty and wide range of cars can help Volkswagen in quickly regaining customer trust even after emission scandal The presence of hybrid cars can immediately resolve emission scandal Excellent advertising can help the organization in properly interacting with stakeholders for resolving emission scandal issue Weakness Fraud and controversy of emission scandal has damaged global brand image Effective media relation and customer relationship can help in quickly regaining the brand image Opportunities Regaining customer trust and maintaining long term relationship with stakeholders Continuous improvement on cars technology Long term stakeholder relationship and continuous improvement of car technology will ultimately mitigate scandal issue Threats Changing government rules and policies Increasing cost of renewable energy Alignment with changing government rule and regulations Optimum usage of renewable energy in hybrid cars with improved technology Table 2: Identification and Response to Problems and Opportunities through PEST (Source: Helmig, Spraul and Ingenhoff 2016) Key Message and Message Matrix Stakeholder Media, customers, investors, employees and Government Main Concern To have environment friendly rides with luxurious comfort Message 1 The cars of Volkswagen will have less car emission while driving The cars will be manufactured with improved emission free car technology Message 2 Purchasing Volkswagen cars will be a great step towards environmental concern The cars will emit 25% less carbon than previous cars and have premium looks and comfort Message 3 Purchase Volkswagen cars and make emission free rides Less emission will protect environment from carbon footprint Table 3: Message Matrix (Source: Created by Author) Channels to Engage in long-Term Relationship with Stakeholders According to Colleoni (2013), social media is an effective business communication channel, which helps in communicating communication message through online community. It is the quickest form of communication channels for communicating message to wide stakeholder groups. Therefore, Volkswagen should use social media channels for communicating their key message to the stakeholder groups. The organization can effectively get feedback of their communication message from their stakeholders in such social media channels. In this way, social media channels can be effectively used as communication channel for Volkswagen towards building long term relationship. Doh and Quigley (2014) pointed out that mass media is the best communication channel towards communicating with mass stakeholder groups. Moreover, organizations can best reach out to mass stakeholder groups in an effective way. Therefore, Volkswagen can reach out to mass stakeholder groups within shortest period. In this way, the organization can reach vast majority of general public and other stakeholders towards making long term relationship with them. Newspaper and magazines are the most common way of reaching out to important stakeholders and making long term relationship with them. Therefore, Volkswagen should use newspaper and magazines for communicating their key message after their scandal. The appealing manner of the communication content in the newspaper and magazines would make positive and long term relationship with the stakeholders. Corporate sponsorship is an effective communication tool towards to fostering positive public relation. Sponsoring any event in the community regarding any social issue can build the corporate image among the stakeholders (ORiordan and Fairbrass 2014). Therefore, Volkswagen can effectively use corporate sponsorship for communication with the community people and other stakeholders. In this way, enhanced interaction with the community people and other stakeholders through corporate sponsorship build long term relationship with the stakeholders. Conclusion While concluding the study, the car emission scandal of Volkswagen is forcing it towards developing effective strategies in rebuilding and regaining the trust of the stakeholders. The organization should apologize and answer sincerely to media for their scandal. The organization can also manage its employees and customers through compensating for their harassments and hassles of the cars having high carbon emission. Offering discounts to the customers would regain the loyalty level of the customers by providing extra benefits. Furthermore, the organization can offer donations for community development, which can build mutually beneficial relationship with the community development for community and enhanced corporate image for the organization. Volkswagen should come up with the key message like it will renovate its cars with luxurious comfort and less carbon emission. It should communicate and manage long term relationship with the stakeholders. 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Monday, December 2, 2019
The Harmful Effects of ADHD Medication in Children free essay sample
The medications and treatments for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were researched to expose the risks of pharmaceuticals and their side effects on young children. The medical risks of medications commonly used to treat children with ADHD were examined using published research and findings from pediatricians, physicians, scientists, and other health care professionals, as well as alternative treatments for the disorder. The research showed that the ADHD pharmaceutical treatment plans have serious short and long term side effects on young children, with no evidence of long term efficacy. Whereas, alternative treatment plans pose no harmful physical side effects and are still effective. The Harmful Effects of ADHD Medication in Children Abigail first started exhibiting signs of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in preschool. Her preschool teachers complained to her parents that during story time she disturbed the other children with her fidgeting. Her parents took her to a developmental pediatrician who, after many tests, diagnosed her with ADHD. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harmful Effects of ADHD Medication in Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pediatrician prescribed different medications that made her seriously ill and drastically altered her personality. After trying several different medications, her parents decided to abstain from pharmaceuticals as a means of treatment. The side effects of the medications that Abigail used as a treatment for her ADHD are not uncommon for many young children with the disorder. There are many drugs being used to treat ADHD that have short term side effects and long term health risks. Furthermore, the Multimodal Treatment Study (MTA) on ADHD showed that though there was no conclusive evidence of long term effectiveness of the ADHD medications, alternative treatments and behavior therapies are effective treatments for ADHD. Due to the harmful side effects and long term health risks of ADHD medication, as well as the findings of the MTA study, parents should reconsider the use of ADHD medication in the treatment plan for their children with ADHD. One cannot understand the medications or therapies used to treat ADHD without understanding the disorder first. ADHD is the single most common medical disorder diagnosed in school age children today. According to Efron, Hazell, and Anderson (2011), â€Å"the core symptoms are developmentally inappropriate impulsiveness, inattention and often hyperactivity†(p. 682). It is estimated that one in twenty children are diagnosed with the disorder (Pellow, Solomon, Bernard, 2011). There is much controversy over the pharmaceutical treatment of ADHD, as the disorder is not one that a child will simply outgrow. Thus, parents are becoming increasingly skeptical of the current medicinal treatment plans. One reason why parents should reconsider ADHD medication is their harmful side effects. Currently, there are three main types of medications that treat ADHD in children: Stimulants, antidepressants and antihypertensive medications. All three classes of drugs carry the risks of serious side effects. According to Ryan, Kitsiyannis, and Hughes (2011) â€Å"one of the most common stimulants prescribed by physicians is methylphenidate, with approximately 85%-90% of all prescriptions for this drug being written for ADHD†(p. 53). Though they have successfully treated symptoms of ADHD, they also have serious side effects. Common side effects of methylphenidates include nausea, vomiting, fever, headache and insomnia (2011). More concerning is the fact that the more serious side effects range from irregular heartbeat, hallucinations, depression, tics, seizures, slurred speech, weakness on one side of the body, and even addiction (2011). For an eight or nine year old child taking stimulant medication as an ADHD treatment, the side effects can be far more difficult to endure than the disorder itself. In acclimating to the drugs, children are expected to grin and bear it. However, one must question whether taking the medication and subjecting a young child to the risks of seizures or an irregular heartbeat is worth the risk. Is forcing a child to go weeks feeling nauseas, vomiting, unable to sleep or having blurred vision a healthy choice to make for one’s child? A parent would not encourage his or her child to eat brownies laced with marijuana as a means to calm or â€Å"mellow out†the child. Why then are drugs that have not only the same psychotropic side effects as marijuana, but more serious and dangerous side effects encouraged and prescribed? Pellow, Solomon, and Bernard (2011) stated in the Alternative Medicine Review that â€Å"as many as 20-30 percent of children either do not respond to this class of drug or are unable to tolerate them due to the wide range of adverse effects they may produce†(p.327). Therefore, 20-30 percent of all children on a stimulant regiment are unnecessarily subjected to serious health risks with no benefit to their disorder. Although Ryan, Kitsiyannis, and Hughes advocate the use of stimulant medication due to their short term efficacy, Barnett and Labellarte (2002) stated â€Å"the presence of psychosis and an unacceptable risk for stimulant abuse are the most compelling reasons to avoid stimulants†(p. 193). Antidepressants, like stimulants, also have very serious and harmful side effects. Antidepressants such as Atomoxetine, Wellbutrin, Strattera and Risperdal are often prescribed to children who did not respond well to stimulant medication (Ryan, Kitsiyannis, Hughes, 2011). Unlike stimulants, antidepressants take longer to be effective (2011). Unfortunately, antidepressants subject children to the risky side effects for a longer period of time as well. These side effects included the same common side effects as stimulants, however they also increased the risks of depression and suicidal ideations. Hammad, Laughren, and Racoosin (2006) conducted a study highlighted in the June 2006 edition of The Journal of Family Practice that concluded â€Å"the use of antidepressant medications in children is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide-related behavior†(p. 488). In fact, Pellow, Solomon, and Bernard (2011) found that Strattera also generated â€Å"psychotic symptoms and suicidal tendencies in children†(p. 327). Parents should weigh the value in antidepressant medication as a means to treat their child’s ADHD against the risk of suicide or other psychotic symptoms. Children with ADHD already struggled to focus. Adding mental and emotional symptoms would exacerbate the problem, rather than alleviate it. In fact, Barnett and Labellarte (2002) noted that â€Å"individuals with unstable personalities, depressive states, and anxiety states may potentially worsen†(p. 193). Ryan, Kitsiyannis, and Hughes (2011) also recognized the dangers in antidepressants, much like Barnett and Labellarte, and cautioned that parents should consider that the medications carry many adverse side effects, â€Å"ranging from physical symptoms†¦to behavioral changes†¦to severe reactions with the potential of death†(p. 57). These adverse side effects should not be discounted due to their uncommon nature. In doing so, parents are exchanging one disorder for the creation of another. This is not a viable solution in treating children with ADHD as the child would suffer emotionally and physically, though mentally they would be temporarily treated. The third class of ADHD medication is hypertensive medications, such as Clonidine and Guanfacine. Usually prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure, antihypertensive medications â€Å"have also been shown to help alleviate moderate ADHD-associated impulsive and oppositional behaviors commonly observed in children with ADHD†(Ryan, Kitsiyannis, Hughes, 2011). However, Barnett and Labellarte (2002) found that â€Å"the largest double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of clonidine for ADHD†¦did not show efficacy†(p. 199). In other words, studies showed that the use of antihypertensive medications did not succeed in treating ADHD alone. These medications had to be used in conjunction with other ADHD medications, such as MPH stimulants. Furthermore, though antihypertensive medications shared similar common side effects with stimulants and antidepressants, they also risked sudden unexplained death (SUD) in children with ADHD. â€Å"The use of clonidine plus MPH has generated concern due to reports of SUD in children with ADHD taking the combination†(p. 199). Additionally, Barnett and Labellarte pointed out that there was â€Å"the cardiovascular risk of significant bradycardia associated with clonidine alone†(p. 200). Due to the controversy of the safety of the hypertensive medications in children, parents should reconsider the use of these medications in their child’s ADHD treatment plans. The â€Å"serious cardiovascular AEs such as hypotension and bradycardia as well as rebound tachycardia and hypertension†caused the medications to be black-boxed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which required manufactures list these side effects as a warning on the medication labels (p. 200). Not only are the side effects of ADHD medications risky and harmful, but the long term consequences of the drugs are detrimental to a child’s health as well. There are serious physical ramifications of using certain ADHD medications for an extensive period of time. There were numerous reports of long term cardiovascular problems from pharmacological treatments of ADHD. Nissen (2006) reported that stimulants â€Å"substantially increase the heart rate and blood pressure†(p. 1446). Though Ryan, Kitsiyannis, and Hughes (2011) promoted the short term effectiveness of pharmacological ADHD treatments, Nissen argued that the harmful long term cardiovascular effects outweighed the short term benefits. The risk of heart disease in a developing child should never be overlooked regardless of the circumstance. By using ADHD medications, the child’s short term benefits would ultimately cost him or her a lifetime of cardiovascular health issues. Long term use of ADHD antidepressant medications also increased the risk of long-term psychiatric disorders and brain impairments. Antidepressant medications used to treat ADHD in children work by â€Å"impairing brain functions†(Docksai, 2013, p. 12). After an extended period of use, a child could â€Å"suffer biochemical disruptions and ‘chronic brain impairment’ long after he or she ceases taking it†(p. 13). In fact, any type of psychiatric medication impairs brain function as that is what it is designed to do. Huang and Tsai (2011) discussed a ten year study of children who took ADHD medication for over five years that found â€Å"both male and female young adults with a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood on the medications to be at higher risk of adverse psychiatric outcomes, including antisocial, addictive, mood and anxiety disorders†(p.548). Though parents chose pharmacologic treatments for their child in the hope that it would have improved focus and performance in school, the same medications would actually impair brain function and possible long term brain development. If the short term side effects and long term health risks were not enough to cause a parent to reconsider using ADHD medications, the Multimodal Treatment Study for ADHD (the MTA study) found that there was no conclusive evidence for the long term efficacy of pharmaceutical treatments in children with ADHD. In his review of the MTA study, Kean (2004) concluded that research over the past 30 years has shown that â€Å"treatment with medications does not change learning or behavior outcomes in the long term†(p. 199). It is much like using ADHD medications as a Band-Aid to temporarily cover a much more serious wound. Ingram, Hechtman and Morgenstern (1999) shared Kean’s view and concluded â€Å"to date, there is no evidence that stimulants alter the course of ADHD or improve long term outcomes†(p. 248). Therefore, parents medicated their children with ADHD with only short term success and without a long term solution. Children forced to take ADHD medications endured side effects and risked their emotional well-being and physical health for a treatment plan that did not cure their disorder, but essentially left them to deal with it later on. Despite the lack of positive long term effects of ADHD medications, the MTA study recognized the positive outcomes of alternative treatments and behavior therapies for ADHD. The MTA study included a Summer Treatment Program in which participants were either in the behavior treatment group or the combined treatment group. The behavior treatment group received behavior therapy and the participants did not use ADHD medications. The combined treatment group used a combination of behavior therapy and ADHD medication as part of their treatment plan (Kean, 2004). Though Ingram, Hechtman, and Morgestern (1999) argued that â€Å"multimodal treatment is not a significant improvement over methylphenidate†(p. 248), the MTA study proved otherwise. At the end of the summer, â€Å"of the children in the behavioral group 75% were maintained without medication for 14 months and 64% no longer met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD†(p. 179). Even Ryan, Katsiyannis, and Hughes (2011) conceded that â€Å"medications will not cure ADHD†(p. 53). However, the MTA study showed that, though it may not work with all children with ADHD, behavior therapies and alternative treatment plans did have long term efficacy with no harmful side effects or health risks. The alternative treatments the MTA study found effective included dietary management and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The goal of CAM therapies is â€Å"treating patients holistically and individually, and aim to treat underlying etiologies†(Pellow, Solomon, Bernard, 2011, p.328). In a study cited by Pellow, Solomon, and Bernard, 62% of the participants in the MTA study improved their behavior by 50% from dietary management, which proved the effectiveness of dietary management. Additionally, the children who followed the dietary intervention no longer met the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD†(p. 328). The dietary management consisted of organic fruits, vegetables proteins (2011). Foods that are high in sugars, additives, and are overly processed have the opposite effect in children in that they increase hyperactivity in young children. Therefore, the elimination of these products proved beneficial in the management of ADHD. The use of stimulants, antidepressants, and antihypertensive medications to treat ADHD is a double edged sword. On one side they treat short term symptoms of the disorder, most of which have harmful adverse effects associated with the medication. One the other side, there is no conclusive evidence or research that shows that they have long term effectiveness, but they do have harmful long term health risks. If one had a leaky pipe in his walls, he would not put tape over it as a viable solution to the problem. Rather, he would take the necessary steps to repair or replace the pipe to circumvent more extensive damage later on. The same could be said of ADHD medication. They are simply tape on a leaky pipe. If the medications do not resolve the issue in the long run, one should not risk the child’s health as a short term solution. Nonetheless, pediatricians continue to prescribe medications for ADHD as a first line treatment. The MTA study proved that alternative treatments and behavior therapies have short term and long term success, but they are also not harmful to the child’s overall health. Parents should exercise scrutiny in selecting a viable treatment plan for their children with ADHD. CAMs have been proven effective and safe, whereas medicinal treatments have harsh side effects, long term health risks, with no long term efficacy. Considering the findings of the MTA study, parents should reconsider the use of ADHD medications in the treatment of their children with ADHD.
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